中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

Effects of music stimulus on behavior response,cortisol level,and horizontal immunity of growing pigs

An enriched environment is widely used to improve domestic animals’ welfare and promote their natural behaviors. Music can reduce abnormal behavior in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the effects of music on pigs. This study aims to explore the effects of repeated music stimulation on the behavior, physiology, and immunity of growing pigs. A total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White × Duroc × Minpig) were randomly divided into three groups, including music (Mozart K.448, 60 to 70 dB), noise (recorded mechanical noise, 80 to 85 dB), and control (natural background sound, <40 dB), and 6 h sound stimulation was given per day (1000 to 1600 hours) from 40 to 100 d of age. The behavioral activities of the pigs were observed during the music stimulation, and their serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and serum immune indices were also measured. Compared with the control group, the music group and noise group increased activity but decreased lying of pigs (P < 0.05). A significant increase in tail-wagging, playing, and exploring behaviors of pigs was found in the music group (P < 0.05), and the noise significantly increased the aggressive behavior of the pigs (P < 0.05). Tail-wagging, playing, exploring, manipulating, and aggressive behaviors decreased over time. Short-term (8 d) music stimulus had a lower cortisol level than that of the noise and control groups (P < 0.05), whereas long-term (60 d) music stimulus increased immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (P < 0.05) and decreased interleukin-4 (IL-4) level (P < 0.05). Long-term noise stimulus significantly reduced the level of IgG (P < 0.05) but did not affect the level of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels (P > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term music stimulus (8 d) reduced the stress response, whereas long-term music stimulus (60 d) enhanced the immune responses. In addition, the noise increased the aggressive behavior, and long-term noise reduced the immunity of the growing pigs.     

气候变化对藏药独一味适生区分布格局的影响

本研究通过实地调查，运用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型和环境气候数据模拟未来气候变化对青藏高原地区藏药独一味（Lamiophlomis rotata（Benth.）Kudo）适生区空间分布格局的影响，探索其适生区变迁规律。通过ArcGIS和SPSS对模拟结果分析显示，当前气候条件下独一味最适宜生长地区主要分布于青藏高原地区的四川与西藏，甘肃与青海交界处，占青藏高原总面积的24.87%，其中西藏自治区适生区面积最大，其次是四川和青海，甘肃和云南占比最小；未来气候变化使适生区几何中心向西南方向迁移97.1 km，且海拔上升267 m；气候变化带来的适生区扩大面积约为退化面积的2倍，各省适生区面积均呈现增加，西藏增加最多，其次是四川，青海略有增加，云南和甘肃变化不大；如果气候变暖持续发生，人工引种驯化应选择海拔相对较高区域，而低海拔地区由于退化风险，应作为物种保护区域重点监测。本研究将为气候敏感地区野生濒危药用植物的引种驯化及资源保护提供参考依据。     

安康市核桃果实害虫种类调查研究

采用生长期定点定株定期果实害虫调查和贮藏期室内常温贮藏观测法,对安康市核桃果实害虫种类进行了调查。结果为安康市核桃果实生长期害虫有13种,隶属5目11科;核桃果实贮藏期害虫有3种,隶属2目3科;核桃生长期危害较大的果实害虫主要是核桃举肢蛾、核桃长足象、双鬃尖尾蝇和桃蛀螟;贮藏期危害较大的果实害虫是印度谷螟;首次发现并记录了角斑古毒蛾幼虫为害核桃幼果。     

Assessing the efficacy and impact of management of an invasive species in a protected area: Poa annua on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island

Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.     

新疆机采棉花实现叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件

随着机采棉的快速推进,籽棉含杂率过高导致清理工序过多及纤维不必要的损伤。新疆棉区棉花生长后期的热量资源有限,如何合理喷施脱叶催熟剂是改善原棉品质的关键技术措施。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了温度变化对棉花叶片脱落率的影响及实现棉花叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件。结果表明,在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内,棉花叶片脱落率最高,达55%～79%,且与最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温呈显著的线性关系。若要在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内实现55%的叶片脱落率,则应满足该时间段最高温度大于27.2°C、每日≥12°C有效积温大于7.0°C·日的要求。因此,喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0) d内是实现良好脱叶效果的关键时间段,期间的最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温则是影响的关键因素。     

射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能研究

为了分析射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能及其损伤因素,文章设计了一台喉管直径为60 mm的射流式鱼泵,开展了草鱼输送实验,并采用高速摄影和计算流体力学方法进行了研究。结果显示,该射流式鱼泵在扬程2.24m时最高草鱼输送能力达918 kg·h~(-1),其所需水功率为2.83 k W。进一步的检测表明,部分实验鱼有鳞片脱落的情况,但未出现游泳异常,解剖后也未发现内脏受损等情况;实验鱼在过泵后呼吸频率及部分血液指标存在明显变化,但在24 h内基本可以恢复。数值模拟和高速摄影方法分析得出,剪切层是造成实验鱼泵内鳞片脱落的主要原因,撞击伤是由内流偏转诱导实验鱼撞击泵内壁面产生的,包含压力梯度在内的水力因素都可能使实验鱼产生应激反应。但由于鱼类在泵内时间极短,上述因素都不会致实验鱼死亡。     

Impact of sampling and storage technique,and duration of storage,on the composition of fresh grass when analysed using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sampling technique (pluck or cut), storage duration (immediate analysis, 24‐h or 48‐h), storage temperature (ambient or chilled) and storage conditions (air present, air excluded or breathable) on the composition of fresh grass sampled from a sward managed to simulate grazing. Treatments were repeated across four sampling dates, with grass samples stored in grip seal bags prior to analysis using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Grass sampled by ‘pluck’ had a higher crude protein and ME content, and a lower acid detergent fibre (ADF) content, compared to that sampled by ‘cut’. Grass stored for 48 h had a lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ME content and a higher ADF content than for immediate analysis. Samples stored for 24 h did not differ from immediate analysis. Grass stored at ambient temperature had a lower WSC and ME content compared to immediate analysis. Grass stored under ‘breathable’ conditions had a lower ME content and higher ADF content than immediate analysis or samples stored with air present or air excluded. It is recommended that grass for analysis should be sampled by cutting, stored chilled (4°C) in a sealed bag to minimize exposure to oxygen and analysed within 24 h of harvest.     

Calibration and validation of optical chlorophyll‐measuring devices for use in predicting crude protein concentration in tropical grass herbage

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N‐Tester as easy‐to‐use and cost‐effective tools for predicting foliar chlorophylls (a, b and total) and crude protein (CP) concentrations in herbage from three tropical grass species. Optical chlorophyll measurements were taken at three stages (4, 8 and 12 weeks) of regrowth maturity in Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Mulato II (Brachiaria hybrid) and at 6 and 12 weeks maturity in Paspalum spp (Paspalum atratum). Grass samples were harvested subsequent to optical measurements for laboratory analysis to determine CP and solvent‐extractable chlorophylls (a, b and total) concentrations. Optical chlorophyll measurements and CP concentrations were highly correlated (Yara N‐Tester: r² = 0·77–0·89; Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI: r² = 0·52–0·84). Crude protein prediction models from the Yara N‐Tester and Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI accounted for 70–89% and 44–73% CP variability, respectively, in Mulato II and Guinea grass. The Yara N‐tester produced more accurate and reliable CP estimates based on very high concordance correlation coefficient [CCC (0·73–0·91)] and low rMSPE, mean and regression bias. It is concluded that the Yara N‐Tester produces more accurate and reliable CP estimates of tropical pastures.     

Two biomass preparation methods provide insights into studying microbial communities of intestinal mucosa in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Animal digestive tract is habitat for a large number of autochthonous microbiota, which play central roles in multiple biological and physiological processes of the host. In this study, two different micro‐biomass preparation methods were employed to evaluate the diversity of intestinal mucosa‐associated microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Genomic DNAs were isolated either directly from intestinal mucosal samples (group A), or from micro‐biomass after microbial dissociation (group B). Community richness, diversity and evenness indices were all higher in group B, but differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.97, P = 0.33, P = 0.34 respectively). Furthermore, group B samples exhibited an increased ratio of bacterial DNA in comparison with group A samples, but the difference was also not statistically significant (P = 0.74). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05) at the taxonomic level. Our results support previous findings that there exists a great abundance of the intestinal mucosa‐adherent microbiota in the grass carp; among these, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes and Fusobacteria were the most common phyla. Within these microbiota, Paenibacillus, Bacteroides, Bacillus and Cetobacterium genera comprise the majority of the community, implicating their functional importance (e.g. as probiotics) to their host. Our results contribute towards a better understanding of the intestinal microbial profile of grass carp. Both micro‐biomass preparation techniques proved to be feasible for studying mucosa‐adherent microbiota of grass carp; however, the second method (group B) provides a protocol that is somewhat more effective than the first method (group A).